The language and history of the Ninth Amendment reveal that the Framers of the Constitution believed that there are additional fundamental rights, protected from government infringement, which exist alongside those fundamental rights specifically mentioned in the first eight constitutional amendments. —Justice Arthur Goldberg,
Concurring Opinion,
Griswold v. Connecticut,
1965

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Justice Goldberg uses the
_ to state that people have _
rights as well as those stated in the Constitution. The Court used this amendment to argue that _
was part of the right to privacy.