How does this clause of the Constitution limit state governments? "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in
Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the
Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land..."
~ Article VI of the Constitution

no every country is held to the same degree as others just some member countries such as the usa and germany are more economically sound so the need to show there support to all others  

a.) are both appointed for life

the answer is actually b.   as habitats are destroyed, animals and plants may become extinct.   , according to edge nuity