Help! giving brainlest! Which advancement in mathematics contributed to improvements in algebra?

the use of formulas to show data
the use of vertical and horizontal axes
the development of multiplication
the substitution of letters for unknown numbers

the phoenix dragon in the persian art reflect the alebrijes artistic styles

b.

one company controls all the means of production of a product.

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necessary and proper clause. the congress shall have power to all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states, or in any department or officer thereof.

raymond can buy special closed cooling containers or a semi-truck with a air conditioned cooling system and an open box for the fruits,