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affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

according to the quotation from booker t. washington's 1895 atlanta compromise speech.

in the great leap from slavery to freedom . . the masses of us are to live by the production of our hands . . we shall prosper . . as we learn to dignify and glorify common labor.

washington believed that  hard work had its own kind of dignity.

explanation:

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