1. around 1000 c. e., how were the western church leaders' beliefs about church authority different from those of the eastern church leaders?
they declared that the pope and emperor should share government power, while eastern leaders said only the pope had power.
western leaders affirmed the idea that the emperor should be the final authority over church matters, but the east did not.
they said the pope in rome had power over the entire church, while eastern leaders did not recognize his authority over them.
unlike eastern leaders, they stated that god had given power to each priest so h

a stronger central government  

its what they are

when we think of a­ncient paga­n kings, the ideas of justice and fairness probably aren't the first things to come to mind. we moderns may be more likely to imagine fickle, power-hungry despots who were ready to put someone to death on a whim. but king hammurabi, who ruled a prosperous and thriving babyloniaalmost four millennia ago, doesn't quite fit that mold. he claimed to have protect the weak from oppression, and scholars believe he fostered an atmosphere of justice and righteousness for his people.

this belief is based on an object that was discovered only a century ago. it has already earned a place alongside the rosetta stone as one of the most important artifacts of the ancient world. this stela (stone pillar) bears the inscription of the code of hammurabi, and it has shed light on the laws, culture and life in babylonia.

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