Many new advances in science were happening. These advances were based on testing ideas in the natural world and not on superstition.

Classical
Medieval
Renaissance
More than one of thesel

this isn't a question and if you're going to list things be kind and use commas.

for this case we have the following equation:

we apply distributive property to the terms within parentheses.

subtracting 2 on both sides of the equation:

independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate