How did values and customs shape societies in medieval africa?

Early African societies, including those of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, had many characteristics in common. African towns often began as fortified villages and slowly grew into larger communities. They were government and trade centers, with markets filled with goods from faraway regions. African towns were home to artisans of metalwork, woodwork, pottery, and other crafts, as well as to farmers.

Most African societies did not have written languages, so much of our knowledge of them comes from descriptions recorded by foreign visitors, such as the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta. Although filled with information, visitors' reports were skewed as outside perspectives. Also, visitors usually came into contact only with the wealthy and the powerful. Their accounts tell little about ordinary people’s lives.

1) the taiping rebellion was prompted from 1850-1864 and waged against the ruling of machu qing dynasty. the rebellion was caused by hong xiuquan and class differences, later leading to a radical change in social and economic structure.

3) karl marx, a believer of the principle of socialism, believed that the working class would have to free themselves from the exploitation of industrialists by establishing a radical socialist classless society where all industries and   property are owned by the state.

5) as indians revolt gained power, people found additional reasons to protest against the british rule. princely families joined the uprising due to changes to the inheritance law which made adopted children ineligible to assume the throne. this was an attempt by the british to control royal succession in the princely states that were nominally independent from the british.

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