How did the Roman Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?
(One paragraph long!!)

Various Counter-Reformation theologians focused only on defending doctrinal positions such as the sacraments and pious practices that were attacked by the Protestant reformers, up to the Second Vatican Council in 1962–1965. One of the "most dramatic moments" at that council was the intervention of Belgian Bishop Émile-Joseph DeSmed when, during the debate on the nature of the church, he called for an end to the "triumphalism, clericalism, and legalism" that had typified the Church in the previous centuries.

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