At the start of the Cold War, author George Orwell wrote a futuristic book, 1984, which discussed the rise of powerful governments. In his book, the main character says, “War is not meant to be won it is meant to be continuous.” How could this be seen as a warning against the Military Industrial Complex?

in the 1800s, chinese workers migrated to the united states, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry. chinese immigrants were particularly instrumental in building railroads in the american west, and as chinese laborers grew successful in the united states, a number of them became entrepreneurs in their own right. as the numbers of chinese laborers increased, so did the strength of anti-chinese sentiment among other workers in the american economy. this finally resulted in legislation that aimed to limit future immigration of chinese workers to the united states, and threatened to sour diplomatic relations between the united states and china.

independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate