What were the economic and political causes for the rise of the italian city-states (florence, milan, rome and venice)

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

four sitting presidents have been assassinated while in office but the first was abraham lincoln,