What measures during Reconstruction were taken to provide Civil Rights to African Americans in Texas and
the U. S?

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate

a stronger central government  

its what they are