According to "the philosophy of composition," what was the purpose of the refrain in "the raven"?

a. to serve as a pivot point for the poem

b. to give the poem a pleasing rhythm

c. to make the poem longer

d. to give the reader a break

The first item is correct (A).

In The Philosophy of Composition, Poe explains how he came to resources that  set the desired tone and showed how the phonetic elements  were combined to construct the form from which the meaning would be extracted in The Raven.

According to him, it was possible to establish definitively the rhythm, the meter, the extension and the general arrangement of the resort in question, as well as those that would precede it.

no every country is held to the same degree as others just some member countries such as the usa and germany are more economically sound so the need to show there support to all others  

superior technology and improved medical knowledge to foster imperialism. quinine enabled europeans

to survive tropical diseases and venture into the mosquito-infested interiors of africa and asia. the combination

of the steamboat and the telegraph enabled the western powers to increase their mobility and to quickly respond

to any situations that threatened their dominance. the rapid-fire machine gun also gave them a military advantage

and was in convincing africans and asians to accept western control. the following table summarizes the

causes of the new imperialism:

causes of new imperialism

economic military/political humanitarian/religious technological

need for markets need for military bases white man’s burden new medicine

raw materials national security spread of christianity new weapons

source of investments source of

pride—nationalism

social darwinism

(superiority of western

society)

transportation

i