Which of the following was most responsible for napoleon's rise to emperor of france?
a. disruption of british trade with india
b. the spread of nationalism in europe
c. the defeat of the british at trafalgar
d. a series of military victories against austria

The correct option is D

In 1797, Bonaparte, commanding the army, defeated four Austrian generals whose troops were superior in number and forced Austria to sign a peace agreement. The resulting Treaty of Campoformio gave France control over most of northern Italy, as well as that of the Netherlands and the Rhine area. A secret clause promised to grant Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched against Venice, occupying it and ending with more than 1,000 years of independence. That year, he organized the occupied territories in Italy in what became known as the Cisalpine Republic.

powers  are  denied  to the  national governmentin three distinct ways: some  powers, such as the  power  to levy duties on exports or prohibit the freedom of religion, speech, press, or assembly, are expressly  denied  to the  national government  in the  constitution.