All of the following represent innovations in land use in the middle ages except
a. the shared property of monastic communities
b. the open fields of manorial villages
c. the three files-system
d. the ownership by individuals of small farms
#remyboyz

D. the ownership by individuals of small farms

Explanation:

In the middle ages there were several different invention in land use, but the property ownership of small farms by individuals was not one of them, property or the concept of the same by small owners or any individual didn´t become a thing up untill after colonization and the new world.

food chain i would say only because there is competition on getting food and survival

answer: a

explanation:  

stocks and bonds are the two main classes of assets investors use in their portfolios. stocks offer an ownership stake in a company, while bonds are akin to loans made to a company (a corporate bond) or other organization (like the u.s. treasury). in general, stocks are considered riskier and more volatile than bonds.

savings accounts are just money in a bank- they are insured by the fdic for up to 250,000.   very little risk

the average mutual fund holds hundreds of different securities, which means mutual fund shareholders gain important diversification at a low price. which means if one stock or bond drops it will have very little affect on the mutual fund - again very little risk