Clergy members often called upon to advise local rulers in political and social matters were .

Bishops.

Explanation:

Throughout the Middle Ages, Bishops became very powerful. The king was bound to take orders and advise from the Bishop in everyday state matters.

Bishops were not only acknowledged as superior to all the rulers of states in Europe but also supposed to be present in every ruler´s court for consultation.

australian plates collided into eurasian plates, and the himalayas formed. the andes mountain range the himalayas and the islands of japan form differently. the andes mountain range formed at the convergent boundary of an oceanic plate and continental plate.