The one european country that did not establish settlements in north america was: france spain portugal england

All of listed European countries except Portugal established settlements in North America. Although Portugal was one of the leading countries of researchers and settlers in the 15th century, their colonial activities were in South America. Even the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided Earth outside Europe into the Castilian and Portuguese global territorial hemisphere for exclusive conquest and colonization. This points to the importance Portugal has in colonization, but only in South America.  

the answer to your question is:

strong-mayor system

on the morning of  july 21,  1861, general mcdowell ordered the  unionarmy to attack. it was on this hill that  confederate  colonel thomas jackson and his forces held back theunion  troops.