The umayyad and abbasid dynasties were ruled by (muhammad, caliphs, kings). in general, these muslim leaders were tolerant toward jewish and (christian, shinto, confucian) peoples, who had to (petition the government, pay a special tax, join the army) to continue to practice their religion.

The Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties were ruled by caliphs. In general, these Muslim leaders were tolerant toward Jewish and Christian peoples, who had to pay a special tax to continue to practice their religion.

Explanation:

The Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties were powerful caliphates that ruled expanded territories over the Middle East and North of Africa, who altogether ruled over 600 years.  

These empires allowed military expansion and enrichment of knowledge in the Muslim world. At first, both empires allowed non-muslims to preserve their faith in exchange for being subject to taxation, which helped to increase numbers in terms of population, administration, and power.

answer: arkansas

explanation:

incident infrared radiation is blocked. visible and ultraviolet radiation heat   earth.

earth radiates infrared radiation. infrared radiation is blocked and heats earth. visible and shortwave radiation heat earth.

earth radiates longwave radiation

longwave radiation is reflected downward longwave radiation heats earth