Read the following passage from sarah pike conger's letter home:

we sailed from nagasaki and clean, beautiful japan, the night of the twentieth of june, passed through the yellow sea, and reached shanghai, china, on the twenty- third. we left our steamship, the doric, some three miles out in the bay, and with regrets we waved our last good-byes as we sailed out from under her protection. she had been a home to us and seemed like a part of our own dear country. many times we had gone out into the unknown cities and back again to her as a refuge. we remained in shanghai eight days, but were only in the foreign concession. this concession is a modification of both the far east and the west. i never saw men work before! they do the work of beasts and are treated like beasts. china is thickly populated and the people cry out against any device that takes labor and support from their poor coolie classes.3
which of the following claims might this excerpt support?
a. when this was written, many europeans were familiar with chinese culture.
b. when this was written, china was a more developed country than japan
c. when this was written, foreigners were not allowed in any part of china.
d. when this was written, shanghai's economy relied largely on manual labor.