Use the following excerpt from mohandas k. gandhi's "statement in the great trial, 1922" to answer the question below:

"in fact, i believe that i have rendered a service to india and england by showing in non-co-operation the way out of the unnatural state in which both are am endeavoring to show to my countrymen that violent non-co-operation only multiples evil, and that as evil can only be sustained by violence, withdrawal of support of evil requires complete abstention [avoidance] from am here, therefore, to invite and submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is deliberate crime, and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen."
--excerpt from mohandas k. gandhi's "statement in the great trial", 1922

based on this excerpt, how did mohandas gandhi's approach to gaining independence in india differ from the approach taken in vietnam, or french-indo china?

a. rebels in french indo-china rejected the use of violence.
b. gandhi believed that violence was not an effective means to bring change.
c. gandhi believed violent resistance to be the highest duty of a citizen.
d. rebels in french indo-china saw peaceful negotiation as the most effective means to bring change.