This is often considered the most dramatic failure of the policy of appeasement before world war ii.

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

donald carl johanson (born june 28, 1943) is an american paleoanthropologist. he is known for discovering – with yves coppens and maurice taieb – the fossil of a female hominin australopithecine known as "lucy" in the afar triangle region of hadar, ethiopia.

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