What is the constitutional basis for the expressed powers of the federal government?

a. they were assumed by the writers of the constitution to be necessary for the government to function.
b. they are directly listed in the constitution.
c. they are spelled out in the bill of rights.
d. they are allowed by the necessary and proper clause of the constitution.

B. They are directly listed in the Constitution.

Explanation:

The "Expressed Powers", also called "Delegated Powers", are those powers of the government that are specifically listed in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution. There's a total of 27 powers, some of them include to coin money, declare war, provide for an army and a navy, to establish post offices and post roads and to promote the progress of science and useful arts.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.

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