Stereotypes of blacks were reinforced because few blacks lived in northern cities by portrayals of blacks in vaudeville and film when the knights of labor refused to accept blacks as members by immigrant newspapers such as the chicago defender

the second significant cause of the great migration was the desire of black southerners to escape segregation, known euphemistically as jim crow. rural african american southerners believed that segregation - and racism and prejudice against blacks - was significantly less intense in the north.

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