The view that history recurs without any real purpose is

the answer is d. tariffs were raised by america's trading partners after the smoot-hawley tariff act, decreasing exports, and declining job rates.

polisit can also mean a body of citizens. in modern historiography, polis is normally used to indicate the ancient greek city-states, like classical athens and its contemporaries, and thus is often translated as "city-state". the body of citizens came to be the most important meaning of the term polis in ancient greece.

c. government control over the unsettled western lands

b. the right to wage war and make peace