Which european nations led the way in the age of exploration

The correct answer is Spain and Portugal Hopefully this helps any T4L students!

a. the astrolabe could determine the correct latitudinal location of the ship

yes

explanation:

the fighting words doctrine, in united states constitutional law, is a limitation to freedom of speech as protected by the first amendment to the united states constitution. in 1942, the u.s. supreme court established the doctrine by a 9–0 decision in chaplinsky v. new hampshire.