How does mesopotamia compare with the indus river valley (irv)? identify both similarities and differences. think of why a specific similarity and a specific difference might exist?

Both places have major rivers as a centerpiece (Tigris and Euphrates for Mesopotamia) and the Ganges rive (indus valley). Both spawned early civilizations that spawn extremely influential culture, especially in terms of religion and spirituality. Both had very fertile soils which led to them being some of the first civilizations because they allowed for easy crop cultivation. One major difference is each culture's approach to foreign relations. Mesopotamia tended to breed civilizations that were conquerors (persia, Assyria, etc.) because of their centralized location in the ancient world, they were often the target of foreign invasion, so they had to logically empower themselves to survive, so the ones that did had great military power. The indus valley civilizations remained largely safe and hard to invade because of the dense jungle and the shelter of the Himalayas to the north, the indus valley wasn't the victim of a major outside invasion until after the era of Genghis Khan, and was spared from him unlike Mesopotamia and most areas of asia and the middle east. Both we're also huge trading hubs, with Mesopotamia literally sitting at the center of the ancient world and the indus valley being right along the famous silk road, which saw immense trade between civilizations in the east (asia) and the west (middle east and europe).