Yooo who trien help me out rq I, John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood."

What event occurred shortly after this statement was made in 1860?

a
John Brown fired the first shots at Fort Sumter, SC
b
John Brown signed the Spot Resolution
c
The Compromise of 1850 overturned John Brown v. Sandford
d
John Brown held a raid on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA