How does minning affect the land

john smith was the first englishman to sail around the world. francis bacon served as attorney general and lord chancellor of england. he took up aristotelian ideas, arguing for an empirical, inductive approach, known as the scientific method, which is the foundation of modern scientific inquiry.

2018 means 2018 ce or common era

there have been other eras too including bce, which included way more years.

food chain i would say only because there is competition on getting food and survival

i need the diagram.