What were two goals of Peter the great? What steps did he take to achieve each of these gold? Why did Spain become the most powerful country in Europe under Phillip II?
Why does the start of his reign mark beginning of the Spanish golden age? Why did Spain decline?

SETTING THE STAGE As you learned in Chapter 18, from 1520 to 1566,

Suleyman I exercised great power as sultan of the Ottoman Empire. A European

monarch of the same period, Charles V, came close to matching Suleyman’s

power. As the Hapsburg king, Charles inherited Spain, Spain’s American

colonies, parts of Italy, and lands in Austria and the Netherlands. As the elected

Holy Roman emperor, he ruled much of Germany. It was the first time since

Charlemagne that a European ruler controlled so much territory.

A Powerful Spanish Empire

A devout Catholic, Charles not only fought Muslims but also opposed Lutherans.

In 1555, he unwillingly agreed to the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed German

princes to choose the religion for their territory. The following year, Charles V

divided his immense empire and retired to a monastery. To his brother Ferdinand,

he left Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. His son, Philip II, inherited Spain,

the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies.

Philip II’s Empire Philip was shy, serious, and—like his father—deeply religious. He was also very hard working. Yet Philip would not allow anyone to help

him. Deeply suspicious, he trusted no one for long. As his own court historian

wrote, “His smile and his dagger were very close.”

Perhaps above all, Philip could be aggressive for the sake of his empire. In

1580, the king of Portugal died without an heir. Because Philip was the king’s

nephew, he seized the Portuguese kingdom. Counting Portuguese strongholds in

Africa, India, and the East Indies, he now had an empire that circled the globe.

Philip’s empire provided him with incredible wealth. By 1600, American

mines had supplied Spain with an estimated 339,000 pounds of gold. Between

1550 and 1650, roughly 16,000 tons of silver bullion were unloaded from

Spanish galleons, or ships. The king of Spain claimed between a fourth and a

fifth of every shipload of treasure as his royal share. With this wealth, Spain was

able to support a large standing army of about 50,000 soldiers.

Defender of Catholicism When Philip assumed the throne, Europe was experiencing religious wars caused by the Reformation. However, religious conflict was

not new to Spain. The Reconquista, the campaign to drive Muslims from Spain,

had been completed only 64 years before. In addition, Philip’s great-grandparents

Explanation:

there are two main types of historical sources: primary sources and secondary sources. a primary source is something that originates from the past. it can be a chronicle, a piece of pottery, or even a piece of glacial ice that gives us climate data about the levels of atmospheric carbon one thousand years ago.