How did non-Western empires in the 19th century differ from the ideologies reflected in the sources? China remained relatively undeveloped, while the colonies of Spain and Great Britain underwent rapid economic and technological innovation.
China sought to maintain cultural purity, while Spain and Great Britain sought to incorporate new cultures into their national identity.
Japan sought to isolate itself, while the expansion of Spain and Great Britain drove a growing sense of global interconnection.
Japan adopted elements of Western culture to compete globally, while Spain and Great Britain forced colonies to assimilate to their cultures.