The principle that the national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its expressed powers was first elaborated in the Supreme Court's decision in (9.1.4.6.5)
U. S. v. the Superbad States
Marbury v. Madison
Gibbons v. Ogden.
McCulloch v. Maryland.

The major impact third parties have on presidential elections has been to.. a. encourage larger vote turnout b. recruiter leader from the democratic and republican party to run for president c. generate increased party identification among the electorate d. developing issues that are later adopted by the major political parties e. drawn off of votes from the major parties to throw election into the house representatives