giving up one or all alternatives to obtain another the value of the second-best alternative, which is given up when making a choice among alternatives the additional cost of making a change or a choice a condition in which the quantity of a resource is limited in comparison to the number of people who want that resource comparing the additional costs and additional benefits of a choice scarcity trade-off >​

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

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united states reinforcements contributed greatly to three allied victories in france at: cantigny (first major american battle), argonne (the largest in the united states military history, involving 1.2 million american soldiers), and château-thierry (one of the first actions under general pershing).