In Lake Malawi in East Africa, there are over 500 species of fish called African cichlids. The fish can be divided into two groups based on their habitat and the types of mating dens, called bowers, that they build from mud and sand. One group lives in shallow water and builds mounds, called castles. The other group lives in deeper water and digs holes, called pits. General characteristics of these two types of cichlids are shown in the table. Identify which physical traits of the cichlids have been affected by adaptation to their habitat.
Write your answer in the space below.

In Lake Malawi in East Africa, there are over 500 species of fish called African cichlids. The fish can be divided into two groups based on their habitat and the types of mating dens, called bowers, that they build from mud and sand. One group lives in shallow water and builds mounds, called castles. The other group lives in deeper water and digs holes, called pits. General characteristics of these two types of cichlids are shown in the table.

Use the information in the table to explain how habitat and diet most likely influenced traits in the castle-building fish and in the pit-digging fish.
Write your answer in the space below.

A scientist wants to influence the proportion of green peas in an experiment. Yellow is the dominant color in peas, represented by the letter A. The gene for green color is represented by the letter a. Study the partially completed Punnett squares, which show the options the scientist is considering for her experiment.
Choose the Punnett square that represents the scenario that will produce the highest proportion of green peas.

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New sea floor is spreading continents apart. The data show how sea floor is spreading apart from an oceanic ridge labeled A.

Explain the relationship between the age of the rocks and their distance from the mid-ocean ridge.

New sea floor is spreading continents apart. The data show how sea floor is spreading apart from an oceanic ridge labeled A.

Explain how the age and distance data support that the ocean floor is spreading.

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8. A student watches ocean waves for several months. He creates these graphs based on his observations. Write your answer on the lines.

Identify when the waves had the greatest amplitude and when they have the greatest frequency.

9. A student watches ocean waves for several months. He creates these graphs based on his observations. Write your answer on the lines.

Describe the effects, if any, that these increases may have had on the beach.

10. The diagram shows layers of Earth with index fossils. These cross-sections are from two different locations.

Identify the oldest rock layer shown in the diagram.

11. The diagram shows layers of Earth with index fossils. These cross-sections are from two different locations.

Scientists think that the fossil found only in layer d went extinct soon after layer d was formed. Using evidence from the cross-section, explain why this statement is true or not.