4. How does the Constitution give additional powers to Congress beyond those directly defined by the document?

elastic clause.

Explanation:

a statement in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers is elastic clause.

The Necessary and Proper Clause allows Congress "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the [enumerated] Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18).

b) the confederacy had to pay all union war expenses.

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