Use the passage to answer the question. “Shah ‘Abbas was among the most innovative and intriguing figures of early modern Iran. In addition to establishing the magnificent city of Isfahan as a world capital through a dynamic reconfiguration of its architectural and urban design, he transformed Iran into the destination of ambassadors and travelers from the far reaches of Europe and Asia; it was documented in travelogues, epistles [letters], and prints. Safavid Iran, therefore, was known for its robust economy, diverse population, and the dynamism of cities such as Isfahan. The cultural landscape was similarly rich, with the architectural, visual, and literary arts mobilized in the service of the ingenious ruler’s imperial vision.”

—Kishwar Rizvi, “The Suggestive Portrait of Shah ‘Abbas: Prayer and Likeness in a Safavid Shahnama”

What can you infer from this passage about Shah Abbas’s rule of the Safavid empire?

He was primarily focused on military success over cultural and economic prosperity.

He was unable to rule successfully due to constant warfare with the rival Ottoman empire.

He reestablished the former glory of the Persian empire through ruthlessness and absolute power.

He helped restore a cultural golden age similar to the ancient Persian empire through enlightened rule.