In the Fourth Party System, Democrats versus Republicans (GOP), which party was the “liberal” party in terms of wanting to use the power of the federal government and which is the “conservative” party?

In the Fourth Party System, the "liberal" party in terms of wanting to use the power of the federal government was the Republican Party, while the "conservative" party was the Democratic Party.

During this political period, which lasted from the 1890s until the presidency of F.D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, the Republican Party dominated politics almost alone at the federal level, establishing through this domination a system of non-interference by the federal government in regulatory matters, thus favoring large companies that, except in matters of monopolies They did not have major regulations and could carry out their activities practically without controls.

mass production/ assembly line production

b toward the volcano.landward. the landward side of something is the side nearest to the land or facing the land, rather than the sea.