Background information: Herodotus was a Greek historian, and completed his work, The Histories, in 440
BCE.
Who is the author of this document?
The Egyptians, they said, were the first to discover the
solar year, and to portion out its course into twelve parts.
They obtained this knowledge from the stars. ... The
Egyptians, they went on to affirm, first brought into use
the names of the twelve gods, which the Greeks adopted
from them; and first erected altars, images, and temples
to the gods; and also first engraved upon stone the figures
of animals.
When was it written?
We know that Herodotus
wrote about, because he lived
the events he
they occurred.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.

it provided for equal trade rights among nations in china.

the properties of a free-market system that determine what the out comes will be.