How did the ideas of the Renaissance transform Europe?

The ideas of the Renaissance transformed Europe because the values expressed in Renaissance art and literature provoked tensions with the Catholic Church. The bible was printed in the vernacular, allowing people to read the bible for themselves - didn't need the pope to read it for them.

Explanation:

because the values expressed in Renaissance art and literature provoked tensions with the Catholic Church. 

answer; ///i do believe that the correct answer is (d); ///athens had a small population;

it allows shippers to carry commercial goods, which allows them to save time and money.