What do you think is the most important factor contributing to the fall of Rome? Are there lessons that modern Americans can learn from this?

Invasions by Barbarian tribes

Explanation:

The most straightforward theory for Western Rome’s collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries, but by the 300s “barbarian” groups like the Goths had encroached beyond the Empire’s borders. The Romans weathered a Germanic uprising in the late fourth century, but in 410 the Visigoth King Alaric successfully sacked the city of Rome. The Empire spent the next several decades under constant threat before “the Eternal City” was raided again in 455, this time by the Vandals. Finally, in 476, the Germanic leader Odoacer staged a revolt and deposed the Emperor Romulus Augustulus. From then on, no Roman emperor would ever again rule from a post in Italy, leading many to cite 476 as the year the Western Empire suffered its deathblow.

The physical seat of all three branches of government — the White House, the Supreme Court building, the U.S. Capitol — and the National Archives all draw inspiration from Roman architecture. The very name of the U.S. Senate is taken from Rome. And that’s no accident.

The Founding Fathers of this country looked to Rome for inspiration — not the empire, the republic.

For hundreds of years the Roman republic flourished, based on checks and balances, compromise and annual votes. But by 130 B.C., Romans were losing faith in the system. And the center could not hold.

In order to move forward, we must look back. And that's just what we did, Hour 2, Friday, On Point.

Edward Watts, professor of history at the University of California, San Diego, and author of "Mortal Republic: How Rome Fell into Tyranny," described the parallels and differences between the Roman and American republics.

Interview Highlights

What inspired you to publish your book at this time?

"The biggest thing that inspired me to do this was to see the reaction and the sort of questions that my students are asking me. I've been teaching [a course on Roman history] for over 20 years, and the interest that students have had usually been in the empire, and what happens in the empire, and why the empire disappears.

"But over the last two or three years, the questions have really been about the republic. What does the republic tell us about ways to think about what's going on in the world around us now? And I think the republic offers us a story that offers us some way to think. It doesn't prescribe what the future will be for us, but I think it does give us a sense of things we need to be aware of and conditions and kinds of political behaviors that will be destructive in a situation and in a system that is designed to promote consensus.

"My students' interest in this is quite sincere. And they really are seeking tools to try to figure out the world around them. And I think the Roman republic offers some pretty significant and important tools to think about what behaviors might help us politically, and what behaviors might prove destructive politically."

How do we gauge today if there is an unraveling of norms that could be detrimental over the long-term?

"The thing that is particularly dangerous to look at are actions that, when they were done the first time, were seen as really aberrant and oddly sort of dangerous, that have become commonplace. Twenty-five years ago, shutting down the government for political brinkmanship was seen as absolutely crazy. It was someone no one would dare do. And now its routine.

"That's a sort of degeneration of norms. There's no law that says you can't do that. But the norms saying that that's something that is not acceptable have completely eroded. And now this is something that-it's just done as part of a process of political negotiation. It's almost become sort of a routine part of the system.

"I think that the law granting presidents the ability to assert emergency powers-it seems to me that this is a law that is incredibly permissive because there was a basic assumption that presidents would use it ways that were not for political gain, but were to actually address a problem that was an emergency.

Explanation: