Explain how social categories, rules, and practices changed with the arrival of Spanish and Portuguese colonist in the 1450-1750 time period.

In the previous era (600-1450 C.E.), sometimes called the post-classical period, we explored the rise of new civilizations in both hemispheres, the spread of major religions that created cultural areas for analysis, and an expansion of long-distance trade to include European and African kingdoms. However, no sustained contact occurred between the eastern and western hemisphere. During the time period between 1450 and 1750 C.E., the two hemispheres were linked and for the first time in world history, long-distance trade became truly worldwide.

comparative method

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the caste system in india is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste. it has origins in ancient india, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval, early-modern, and modern india, especially the mughal empire and the british raj.it is today the basis of educational and job reservations in india.it consists of two different concepts, varna and jati, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system.

the caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the mughal era and the british colonial regime in india. the collapse of the mughal era saw the rise of powerful men who associated themselves with kings, priests and ascetics, affirming the regal and martial form of the caste ideal, and it also reshaped many apparently casteless social groups into differentiated caste communities.the british raj furthered this development, making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration

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