How can it be argued that, since Reconstruction, the criminal law has been defined and used against racial or ethnic
minorities?

during the middle ages bibles and most christian literature was written in latin i think that’s the answer you are looking for

`stare decisis is a legal doctrine that obligates courts to follow historical cases when making a ruling on a similar current or future case. stare decisis ensures that cases with identical facts be approached in the same way, unless overruled by the same court or a higher court such as the us supreme court. simply put, it binds courts to follow legal precedents set by previous decisions.

stare decisis is a latin term meaning "to stand by that which is decided".

what's the passage bud?

i think the answer is   b.