There can never be peace in Ireland until the foreign oppressive British presence is removed leaving all the Irish people to control there own affairs and determine there own destinies as a sovereign people free in mind and body separated and distinct physically, culturally, and economically. -bobby sands 1954-1981

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).

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monopolies  came to the united states with the colonial administration. the large-scale public works needed to make the new world hospitable to old world immigrants required large companies to carry them out. these companies were granted exclusive contracts for these works by the colonial administrators. even after the american revolution, many of these colonial holdovers still functioned due to the contracts and land

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