Which term describes voltaire’s ideas about religion? a. agnosticism b. secularism c. catholicism d. atheism

The correct option is B

Voltaire has gone down in history by coining the concept of religious tolerance. He was a tireless fighter against intolerance and superstition and always defended the peaceful coexistence between people of different beliefs and religions.

Voltaire criticized numerous times the pretension of the Jewish people to be the chosen people by God and echoed the usual prejudices of the time against the Jews. This critical attitude, which has led some to call him anti-Semitic or anti-Jewish, is part of the general hostility of the author against religion, which led him to attack Christians and Muslims with the same zeal, which is why many historians consider Voltaire antireligious in general, rather than anti-Semitic or anti-Christian, but not for that reason it should be considered intolerant to religions, since it may not accept religious dogmas, and yet tolerate them.It must also be borne in mind that Voltaire was a Mason and admirer of the cabal, which his criticisms could be due to personal disputes rather than a religious rejection of the Jews.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.