What was the effect of the grandfather clause

Grandfather clauses, allowed a man to vote if his grandfather or father had voted before January 1, 1867, this exemption clause effectively denied all freedmen the ability to vote. Free-colored men before 1831 could vote in North Carolina if they met the property requirements, however they were excluded there and elsewhere after the slave rebellion of 1831.

At the time of ratification of the articles of the Confederation, all the inhabitants born in the country free and belonging to the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey and North Carolina, although descendants of African slaves, if they met with the other necessary requirements they possessed the franchise of the electors in equal conditions with the other citizens.

In the case of Guinn versus the United States (1915), the Supreme Court invalidated the Constitution of Oklahoma, the grandfather clause and literacy tests, since in practice, they had segregated blacks, as had happened in many states from the south. This decision affected similar provisions in the constitutions of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina and the electoral rules of Virginia. The political powers of Oklahoma and other states reacted quickly with the passage of laws that created other rules regarding the registration of voters that went directly against the vote of Afro-descendants and minorities.

racism and segregation.

the answer is catholics