What was spelled out in the bill of rights about national gov. and the states?

Which piece of legislation granted african americans the right to vote

“well,” he says, “there’s excuse for picks and letting-on, in a case like this; if it warn’t so, i wouldn’t approve of it, nor i wouldn’t stand by and see the rules broke—because right is right, and wrong is wrong, and a body ain’t got no business doing wrong when he ain’t ignorant and knows better. it might answer for you to dig jim out with a pick, without any letting-on, because you don’t know no better; but it wouldn’t for me, because i do know better.” the meaning in this excerpt is

Iwould be super appreciative if someone could me out here! discuss the the following question: how influential were the three philosophers? why? (the three philosophers are locke, hobbes, and montesquieu)