The first book to describe various types of government and citizenship was:

The Politics by Aristotle.

Explanation:

Aristotle´s The Politics is the first and most important systematic treaty on the various forms of government —an analysis of each kind of government known at the time, their virtues and vices and the desirability of each— and on what constitutes a citizen and what rights should be given to a citizen. Because of its historical relevance, this book is widely considered to be the most important treaty on political philosophy.

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