"muhammad was troubled by the moral ills of meccan society, especially greed. he often went to a cave in the hills near mecca to meditate. according to muslim belief, when he was about 40 years old he heard the voice of the angel gabriel calling him to be the messenger of god. muhammad was terrified and puzzled. how could he, an illiterate merchant, become the messenger of god? [his wife] khadija encouraged him to accept the call." this passage predicts a. muhammad established the first caliphate. b. muhammad began to urge arabs to give up pagan gods and worship the one true god. c. muhammad won the loyalty of his first converts. d. muhammad first formulated the five pillars.

pepin the short[a] (german: pippin der kurze, french: pépin le bref, c. 714 – 24 september 768) was the king of the franks from 751 until his death. he was the first of the carolingians to become king.[b][2]

the younger son of the frankish prince charles martel and his wife rotrude, pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of st. denis. succeeding his father as the mayor of the palace in 741, pepin reigned over francia jointly with his elder brother carloman. pepin ruled in neustria, burgundy, and provence, while his brother carloman established himself in austrasia, alemannia and thuringia. the brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the bavarians, aquitanians, saxons, and the alemanni in the early years of their reign. in 743, they ended the frankish interregnum by choosing childeric iii, who was to be the last merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the franks.

true

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