How did the early challenges facing the new government divide the country socially and regionally?

They first divided it into parties, the federalist and the anti-federalist party which caused a social drift between people. Another early challenge was growth and development which separated the country into northern states that were already developed and southern states that were developing rapidly. This second challenge was both social and regional.

Like any other country, the United States of America also face different kinds of problems such as building a stable economy, preserving the state's independence and creating a political system that provides a legitimate place for opposition. Among all these, one of the greatest problems was consolidating the support of the national public. In a consensus, only 5 percent of adult white males voted to ratify the new constitution while the two states - North Carolina and Rhode Island, continuously support the Articles of Confederation. 
In response to this, the Congress approved a Bill of Rights and amended the first ten rights which included the rights of free press, speech, religion, right to peaceful assembly, and right to petition the government.