Which of the following is an example of lobbying and its influence on public policy? a) an interest group spokesperson tries to convince officials to vote a certain way on bills affecting the group's members. b) the media broadcast programming is aimed at convincing individuals to contact their officials about certain issues. c) a political party uses a process to evaluate members and determine who will run as candidates in an election. d) a public official's website contains a post detailing actions of the official relating to votes on certain issues and bills.

b) a state law could be declared illegal if it contradicted the constitution.

explanation:

the conflict of this case originated when james w. mcculloch, a cashier of the baltimore branch of the second bank of the united states that the congress had chartered in 1816, refused to pay a tax imposed by the maryland state.

in the case, the state of maryland appealed that the establishment of a second bank was unconstitutional since the constitution didn't say anything about granting that power to congress. however, the case determined that even if such right wasn't specifically stated in the constitution, it was part of the "implied powers" of the government enunciated in article i, section 8.

the case also eliminated maryland's legislation to impose taxes to a national bank, asserting that even though the states retained the power of taxation, the constitution's laws are supreme and can not be controlled by the states, therefore, if a state law contradicts the constitution, it should be declared illegal.

explanation: