White southerners who defended slavery were called a: apologists. b: abolitionists. c: slaveholders. d: spectators.

The correct answer is A. Apologists

Explanation:

During the history of U.S. slavery was one of the main issues in the American society and by the 19th it became the cause of division between the Southern states that supported slavery and that rely on an economy based on it and the Northern states that supported the abolition of slavery. In this contexts those that wanted slavery to end were called the abolitionist, those that owned slaves were slaveholders and those that defended slavery (especially Southerners) were called apologists or pro-slavery apologist. Indeed, apologists believed slavery was necessary in societies and ending with it would have negative consequences. Therefore, the Southerners who defended slavery were called apologists.

he believed that congress would be better not dealing with "lobbyists", or people who seek to influence (a politician or public official) on an issue, since historically, they had problems with these kinds of people. he thought lobbying produces benefits, but should be carefully monitored.

although the crusades failed to capture jerusalem, they had several major impacts on western europe. they increased the authority of the king: sometimes nobles died in battle without leaving an heir in which case the king got their land. kings passed taxes to pay for the crusades.