What china emerged after the defeat of the manchus?

In western europe, under the , jews enjoyed some autonomy. then, during the post–french revolution period, was also tolerant toward the jews.

Match the following: 1. empirical the belief that an idea should be evaluated based on how it works 2. fundamentalism knowledge based on observation and experiment rather than theory 3. obtrusive to intentionally force ideas or intrude on others 4. pragmatism not religious or spiritual in nature 5. secular a religious doctrine that emphasizes a return to rigid principles

What is the main idea of this excerpt